Tracing my mother’s paternal Ackley genealogy began years ago and has now reached its conclusion.
The information gathered has been made available on this website as draft chapters,* with the idea that these would be combined into a series of books (see graphic). All three books now are available in print from Lulu.com or from Amazon and other online booksellers; two also are available as eBooks. The diagram below shows how the generations are grouped.
The Discovering Nicholas Ackley book is available only in print, as of now, from Lulu.com and other online booksellers.
The Discovering James Ackley, Nicholas Ackley, and Abel Ackleybook is available both in print andas an eBook. The print book is available from Lulu.com and online booksellers. The eBook is available from Lulu.com. The purpose of the eBook is to make the information available at a far lower price than is possible with print versions. It contains the same information as the print book.
TheDiscovering Lot Ackley and Descendants book is available in three versions. A print version on higher quality paper allows the photographs included to be reproduced with much more detail. For those who wish to have a print book at a lower price, the same book is available printed on standard quality paper. It is not nearly as pretty, but it contains the same information. Both books are available on Lulu.com and from online booksellers. An eBook is available from Lulu.com, again to make the same information available at a lower price than print versions allow.
Links for purchasing are posted on the Books Available page on this website or easily can be found through an online search. Links to pdfs that contain the table of contents for each book also are posted on the Books Available page to provide a glimpse of what each contains.
Even though the project is “done,” my interest in it is not. Anyone with questions, or information I may have missed, please contact me using the form on this website.
* The draft chapters were removed from the website primarily because the final versions are written in a way that makes it difficult to re-post them as separate chapters.
James Ackley was the youngest of Nicholas Ackley’s children. As with James’s mother Hannah (post to come or see Discovering Nicholas Ackley), the parentage and year of birth of James’s wife Elizabeth remains a mystery.
Various Ackley family histories claim to provide the answer about Elizabeth’s parentage, but none provides any clear proof and most, perhaps unwittingly, present false information. As is explained below, even Elizabeth’s age at death may not be what is recorded on her gravestone.
Elizabeth Ackley’s gravestone, Old Cove Burying Ground, East Haddam, CT
About her parentage: The extensive online Ackley family genealogy has her born in 1689 in East Haddam to Nathaniel Comedy and his wife Mary Bachelder.[1] This includes numerous errors. Mary Bachelder was married to Nathaniel Cowdrey and they did not have a daughter named Elizabeth. It was their son Nathaniel Cowdrey, Jr. and his wife Elizabeth Parker who had a daughter named Elizabeth Cowdrey, born in Reading, MA on 6 Oct 1689[2]. This Elizabeth married Timothy Goodwin in Reading, MA in 1708.[3] So this cannot be our Elizabeth, who gave birth to James’s first child in 1707. These errors, however, appear again and again in online Ackley family genealogies.
Other considerations would suggest this is not our Elizabeth. NoNathaniel Cowdrey family lived in East Haddam at the time. The Nathaniel Cowdrey, Jr. above could not have moved to East Haddam because he died shortly after his daughter’s birth. According to his probate papers,[4] Nathaniel Cowdrey, Jr. died in 1690 in the “Expedition to Canada” in King William’s War and was a resident of Reading at that time. His widow married Jeremiah Swayne/Swain of Reading shortly thereafter; they both died in 1696.[5] IN 1697, Hannaniah Parker was granted guardianship for his “Grand Daughter Elizabeth Cowdrey Daughter of Nathaniel and Elizabeth [Parker] Cowdrey late of Redding in sd County of Middx Deced Intestate. She being a minor of about 8 years of age.”[6] That Elizabeth, then, most likely continued to live with her great grandfather after her parents’ deaths until her marriage to Goodwin and never lived in East Haddam, CT.
Our Elizabeth Ackley is not this Elizabeth Cowdrey, beyond the shadow of a doubt.
Elizabeth had become a common name. Could she have been another Elizabeth Cowdrey? The answer is “no.” I suspect the original choice of Cowdrey was because someone discovered a birth year for an Elizabeth that coincided with the age listed on Elizabeth Ackley’s gravestone. No Cowdrey family, however, appears in East Haddam vital records before 1733 when a daughter, Huldah, was born to Nathaniel and Mehittabell. This couple would have been the age of James and Elizabeth’s children; they could not have been the parents of James’s wife Elizabeth.[7],[8]
Probate records for early Connecticut capture about 80-85% of actual deaths, according to Main, but much closer to all of those for men with families.[9] A search through the three volumes of Manwaring’s probate abstracts showed no probates for any Cowdreys at all during the period 1635–1750 and included no names that might easily be mistaken for Cowdrey.[10],[11] It is extremely unlikely that a Cowdrey family settled in Connecticut would not have had at least one probate recorded for a family member during that time. It is almost impossible for Elizabeth to have been the daughter of Connecticut Cowdreys.
So was she a Comedy? I suspect that was a misreading of some spidery scribble of Cowdrey. A look through the vital records reveals absolutely no Comedys living in or near New England at that time—using any spelling imaginable (e.g. Comety, Camady, Comede, etc.). The probate records also do not contain a Comedy, by any spelling.
Elizabeth Ackley’s parentage, then, remains a mystery.
About her year of birth: To be in the 66th year of her life at her death on 19 September 1755, Elizabeth would have had to be born after 19 September 1689. This fits with the 6 October 1689 date often cited in Ackley family histories, but we have established above that this birth date belongs to a different Elizabeth. Note also that gravestones can be wrong, and too often are. It is possible Elizabeth Ackley was not the age claimed on the stone, but a few years older.
The first child of James and Elizabeth (James Jr.) was born in July 1707. At the latest, then, the couple married in 1706. If Elizabeth was born in 1689, she would have been 16 or 17 at the time (depending on the actual month/day of her birth and marriage). Although women were marrying earlier than in Nicholas’s day, this is very young and 22 was the average age for women to marry.[12]
The cadence of the birth of Elizabeth’s children also seems unusual. She would have been 32 at the birth of her sixth child and 39 with the seventh and last (see table). An apparent seven-year gap during peak childbearing years would be unusual as would having a final child at a relatively young 39.[13]
I suspect Elizabeth may have been as much as five years older than the gravestone claims. Why the discrepancy? It is possible she claimed to be younger than she was, or perhaps the person ordering the stone was uncertain about her actual age. Again, it is not unusual for gravestones to be incorrect.
Elizabeth’s birth year matters because an incorrect year would make finding her maiden name even more challenging by, say, looking for all Elizabeths born in the area in a particular year. This may well be the genesis of the Elizabeth Cowdrey mistake.
Even knowing her birth year might not solve the question of her parentage. Old records very often are incomplete: the record of her birth may have been recorded in a ledger not yet discovered or lost entirely. The record of her marriage to James also has not been found.
We do not know, then, who Elizabeth’s parents were; and we cannot be certain about her year of birth or marriage. Although this may frustrate some, it is just the nature of genealogy. Not knowing these facts does not change who she was. But giving her a maiden name and parentage that is not hers does her an injustice, particularly when verifiable facts are readily available to rule out obvious errors.
[5] Ancestry, 2018: Reading Deaths, p. 596. As noted in Discovering Nicholas Ackley, this was one of the worse years of the Little Ice Age and starvation or illness because of poor diet and extreme weather caused many deaths.
[8] A Cowdrey does marry an Ackley: Loren Cowdrey marries Sarah Ackley in East Hampton, CT two hundred years later, in 1819. Ancestry.com, 2013: East Hampton church records.
[13] Of course, later pregnancies could have been unsuccessful.
References
Ancestry.com (2011). Massachusetts, U.S., Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988: Reading Births.
Ancestry.com (2018). Massachusetts, U.S., Compiled Birth, Marriage, and Death Records, 1700-1850: Reading Deaths.
Main, JTM. (1985) Society and Economy in Colonial Connecticut. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Manwaring, CW. (1904a). A digest of the early Connecticut probate records: Hartford district, 1687-1695. Hartford, CT, R.S. Peck & Co. Printers.
Manwaring, CW. (1904b). A digest of the early Connecticut probate records: Hartford District, 1700-1729. Harford, CT, R.S. Peck & Co.
Manwaring, CW. (1904c). A digest of the early Connecticut probate records: Hartford District, 1729-1750. Harford, CT, R.S. Peck & Co.
Mehling, MBA. (1911). Cowdrey-Cowdery-Cowdary genealogy: William Cowdery of Lynn, Massachusetts, 1603 and his descendants. New York, NY, Frank Allaben Genealogical Company.
White, LC, Ed. (1997). The Barbour Collection of Connecticut town vital records: East Haddam, 1743-1857. Baltimore, MD, Genealogical Publishing Co.
As I wait for the final proofs of the Discovering Nicholas Ackley book, I have started work on the next in my line, his youngest son James.
Who was James Ackley? The simple answer is that he was the youngest son of Nicholas and Hannah Ackley, born in 1677 in Haddam, Connecticut. He married Elizabeth in 1706, lived in East Haddam, raised 7 children and died at 69 in 1746.
Here lies the body of Mr James Acly who died Sep the 19 1746 in 69 Year of his Age
As you are so were we, As we are you must be
It was somewhat easier to glean information about James’s father Nicholas (1630-1695) — one of the first settlers of Hartford, then a founder of Haddam — than about James. As Connecticut grew and the population dispersed, records were less well kept and more widely scattered. Although some time spent in the East Haddam and Connecticut history libraries likely would turn up more about James, what is readily available is, well, both not enough and too much.
Who was James the man, beyond the dates and list of family members? Below is what the clues I now have suggest.
The first set of clues is in the probate of his will.
James was well off. His total estate was £974, not including any land, livestock and other possessions he had already given to his children. The inventory shows he was well dressed and his house was well furnished. He and Elizabeth had gravestones fancy for the time—no simple granite stone with roughly chiseled initials for them!
It is unlikely James was a farmer in the same vein as his father. The inventory in the probate does not list enough such equipment and he is too wealthy. He could well have raised livestock, which was a major occupation at the time, or he might have been a trader or merchant. Living in East Haddam, he was on the Connecticut River, a major commercial route.
James had two slaves, a “Negro woman” and “a Negro girl” (probably mother and daughter) valued at £50 each. For a man of his means in Connecticut at this time, owning slaves would have been common. They most likely were house slaves, but would have helped with outside chores as needed. That the slaves listed were two females supports the idea that his main occupation was not farming. Had he been a farmer, he would have been more likely to own men who could do heavier work. Sadly, the probate does not indicate the fate of the slaves, or provide their names or any details at all. Probates of that period often did so, but not this one. Since Elizabeth received at least a third of his “movable estate,” it is likely they continued to serve her
Many men of the period learned to sign their names without being literate, but there is no question James could read. His inventory lists six “sermon books,” some probably just pamphlets but some likely bound books. They offer some insight into him—more on this below.
The second set of cluesabout James the man: Connecticut records and several books have made James and Elizabeth famous as the last to accuse someone of witchcraft in Connecticut. In 1723, Elizabeth charged Sarah Spencer with witchcraft for harassing and tormenting James. And James threatened Sarah with adverse consequences if she continued to bother them. The shocker: Sarah Spencer was James’s sister, an aging and impecunious widow in her early 60s. Another post will examine this more closely but, yes, I am quite certain that it was his sister Sarah Spencer who was accused, not another woman of the same name.
Sarah was acquitted and in return sued James and Elizabeth for slander, a serious crime in the early colonies. She sued for a huge award of £500; the jury awarded £5 and appeals reduced that to 1 shilling, the equivalent of perhaps $5 today. More on this in another post, but I suspect Sarah had in fact been harassing a wealthy James to help support her and a teenage son still at home, or perhaps she was mentally ill, or both. The incident, however, appears to be no more, or less, than a family feud played out in a way history would remember. And it sure does remember (see references).
Back to the pamphlets and books. Remember that James would have been a Puritan and religion would have been central in how he conducted his life. Books were precious and pricey, so he would have chosen tracts with which he likely agreed, or that revealed his concerns in life.
“Mr Bulkley’s sermon book on the necessity of religion.” This sermon was preached in Hartford in 1713. Bulkely was pastor of the Colchester church, a town very near East Haddam. (In fact, he was the pastor of Sarah Spencer’s church and wrote in defense of her for her witchcraft hearing.) See https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/n01345.0001.001
“Mr Hosmer’s ordination sermon book,” most likely a pamphlet. Hosmer was the pastor in East Haddam and this sermon was given at the ordination of Timothy Symmes in 1736. See https://library.villanova.edu/Find/Record/826067
The last two of James’s books hold the most interest for me.
“Mr Mather’s lectures and sermons,” by the famous Boston-based pastor Cotton Mather (1663-1728). A staunch Puritan, Mather jumped through several Biblical hoops to justify enslaving “Negros.” But he also was very outspoken about treating them as equals in every other respect. Convoluted and objectionable? Yes. But perhaps the saving grace was his insistence on kindness, both in his writings and sermons, and in his actions as a pastor and judge. The inventory does not indicate which of Mather’s compilations James owned. See https://www.matherproject.org/node/22
“Mr Sewall’s sermon book” is perhaps the most interesting of the six. Sewall (1652-1730) also was based in the Boston area. He was one of the judges who presided over the Salem Witch Trials (1692-1693), as was Cotton Mather. But Sewall soon after deeply regretted his role; he spent the rest of his life apologizing and attempting to make amends. Sewall was also an early abolitionist who spoke out loudly and often against slavery. In 1705, he wrote the first Puritan anti-slaveholding tract, The Selling of Joseph, which used the Bible to refute apologists such as Mather. See http://blog.umd.edu/slaverylawandpower/samuel-sewall-the-selling-of-joseph-1705/ For a personal look at the man, written by his 6th great granddaughter, see Eve LaPlante, Salem Witch Judge: The Life and Repentance of Samuel Sewall.
What does this tell us about James? If only we could see which of these tracts James most read, and perhaps bookmarked or dog-eared, we might know more. Taken together, though, these books suggest a man grappling with basic issues, including issues of belief (including witches?), and probably the question of slave ownership.
It surprises me that he did not release his slaves in his will or make any provision for them, which had become common by the mid-1740s in Connecticut. It may well have been Elizabeth who insisted on the house slaves and so would have continued to keep them until her death at 65 in 1755. But often such arrangements were specified in the will.
I suspect James may have disagreed when Elizabeth accused Sarah of being a witch, but he clearly had had enough of Sarah’s harassment. Unfortunately, because women were virtually invisible in these times, learning much more about Elizabeth is unlikely no matter how much time anyone spends looking. She did attempt to claim insanity in the legal action Sarah brought against her, although I doubt she was that.
If anyone has information to add, or points to refute, please contact me or use the comment form.
On the accusations against Sarah and her slander suit in reply, see:
Taylor, J.M. (1908) The Witchcraft Delusion in Colonial Connecticut, 1647-1697. New York: Grafton Press, p. 155. Tomlinson, R.G. (1978) Witchcraft Trials of Connecticut. Hartford: Bond Press, pp. 65-66. Karlsen, Carol F. (1998.) The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, p. 45. Morgan, F. (1906) Witchcraft in Connecticut. American Historical Magazine. 1:3, p. 237. Available at https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=qWUKAQAAMAAJ&pg=GBS.PA200-IA2&hl=en.
The original records are available on microfilm through the Connecticut State Library. Look for Crimes and Misdemeanors, Vol. 2. Note that they are in the original handwriting and devilishly difficult to decipher.
Discovering Nicholas Ackley 